Barriers to gene flow can be influenced by intrinsic factors such as reproductive incompatibility ( Seehausen et al., 2014), extrinsic factors such as physical barriers or ecological constraints ( Edwards, Keogh, & Knowles, 2012 Geissler et al., 2015), or a combination of both whereby local adaptation to disparate environments produces differential reproductive success ( Glor & Warren, 2011 Nosil, 2012 Savolainen, Lascoux, & Merilä, 2013). An important evolutionary process that underlies genetic variation among populations is gene flow. Genetic variation forms the building blocks on which evolution acts on and plays a crucial role in the diversification and adaptability of a species ( Dobzhansky, 1937 Lewontin, 1974 Mayr, 1954). We also detected two distinct population bottlenecks, indicating that speciation events were likely driven by vicariance or founder events. Intraspecific population structure can be largely attributed to IBD, whereas interspecific diversification was primarily driven by IBC.
Our results demonstrated that IBE, contributed minimally to genetic variation. Using genome-wide SNPs in conjunction with landscape variables derived from GIS, we performed distance-based redundancy analyses and variance partitioning to disentangle the effects of isolation-by-distance (IBD), isolation-by-environment (IBE), and isolation-by-colonization (IBC). Moreover, levels of gene flow were shown to vary among populations from separate mountain ranges, indicating that genetic differentiation could be influenced by landscape features.
#Drifting lands torrent torrent
Torrent frogs are ecologically conserved, and we hypothesize that this could impose tight constraints on dispersal routes, gene flow, and consequently genetic structure. This study investigates the role of spatial, environmental, and historical factors that could potentially drive diversification and shape genetic variation in Malaysian torrent frogs. The interplay between environmental attributes and evolutionary processes can provide valuable insights into how biodiversity is generated, partitioned, and distributed.
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